Benin City
The Kingdom of Benin, located in present-day southern Nigeria, traces its roots to the 900s when the Edo people settled in the West African rainforests. Initially organised into small family groups, these communities gradually unified to form a kingdom known as Igodomigodo. This early state was governed by a series of kings called Ogisos, meaning "rulers of the sky."
Transition to Oba rule
In the 1100s, the Ogisos lost control, leading the Edo people to seek assistance from the neighbouring Kingdom of Ife. The King of Ife sent his son, Prince Oranmiyan, to restore order. Oranmiyan's son, Eweka, became the first Oba (king) of Benin, marking the beginning of a new dynasty. By the 1400s, Benin had become a wealthy kingdom, with Obas residing in ornate palaces adorned with brass decorations.
Expansion into an empire
Around 1440, Oba Ewuare ascended the throne and initiated significant military and administrative reforms. He established hereditary succession and rebuilt Benin City and the royal palace. Ewuare's successors, including Obas Ozolua, Esigie, Orhogbua, and Ehengbuda, expanded the empire's territory and influence. Notably, Oba Orhogbua's reign saw the empire extend beyond the River Niger in the east and as far west as present-day Ghana.
Trade and cultural flourishing
The Kingdom of Benin engaged in extensive trade with European nations, exchanging goods such as ivory, palm oil, and pepper. This trade brought considerable wealth, enabling the kingdom to build a vast army and commission intricate artworks. Benin became renowned for its brass plaques and sculptures, which depicted the Oba and court life, and were displayed in the royal palace.
Decline and British conquest
By the 1800s, Benin's power waned, and tensions with Britain escalated over control of trade. In 1897, after a failed diplomatic mission resulted in the deaths of several British officials, Britain launched a punitive expedition. Benin City was captured and burned, and the kingdom was annexed into the British Empire. The Oba was exiled, and many of Benin's treasured artworks were looted and taken to Europe.
Today, the Oba of Benin holds a ceremonial position, leading religious and cultural ceremonies. The kingdom's rich heritage, especially its art, continues to be celebrated and studied worldwide. Efforts are ongoing to repatriate the Benin Bronzes and other artefacts taken during the colonial era.
